Final answer:
The topologies defined by the 802.11-2016 standard include BSS, ESS, IBSS, and PBSS, with DSSS and FHSS being modulation techniques rather than topologies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The 802.11-2016 standard, often referred to as Wi-Fi, outlines several network topologies for implementing wireless local area networks (WLANs). Among the topologies included in the standard are the Basic Service Set (BSS), the Extended Service Set (ESS), and the Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). Also included is the concept of a Personal Basic Service Set (PBSS), which is part of the 802.11ad amendment for very high throughput at 60 GHz. However, Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) are not topologies but are instead methods of signal modulation used in some wireless communications.
BSS and ESS are common for typical Wi-Fi networks in homes and businesses, while IBSS refers to an ad-hoc network without a central access point. PBSS is less common and is typically used in specialized 60 GHz band applications like wireless docking and high-speed data transfer.