Final answer:
The structural-functional theory, also known as functionalism, is a macro-level perspective in sociology that views society as a system of interrelated parts working together. It has been criticized for not adequately explaining social change and for its somewhat circular reasoning. Despite these criticisms, it is still found useful for meso-level analyses.
Step-by-step explanation:
The structural-functional theory, or functionalism, is a macro-level analytical perspective in sociology that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals within that society. It focuses on how different aspects of society are integral to the continued health and viability of the whole. One criticism of this macro-level analysis is its inability to explain social change effectively, noting that repetitive behaviour patterns are presumed functional merely because they recur. Additionally, dysfunctions may persist without serving a clear function. While some sociologists argue that functionalism has limitations on the macro-level, others find it retains its usefulness in meso-level analyses, especially when investigating how societal components work together to maintain stability.
In relation to structural functionalism, when looking at movements such as the Tea Party or MeToo, functionalists might examine the macro-level needs these movements serve, such as voicing concerns of underrepresented groups or highlighting gender inequality. Nonetheless, the criticism that the theory is too focused on societal stability and overlooks the significance of social change, alongside its circular reasoning, has led to it being reevaluated and adapted for mid-level analyses where it can still provide valuable insights.