Final answer:
Fecal examination encompasses various diagnostic tests including microscopic examination, stool O&P exams, immunoassays, PCR testing, and nutritional assessments to identify pathogens and analyze nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
Step-by-step explanation:
The examination of fecal matter involves a number of diagnostic tests to identify the presence of parasites, bacteria, and other pathogens, as well as to analyze for the content of cells, fats, and fibers. Microscopic examination of stool samples is a common method for these diagnoses, often including tests conducted over several days to increase accuracy. This may include a stool O&P exam (ova and parasite examination) to detect cysts and trophozoites that signal parasitic infections. Advanced techniques such as immunoassays, acid fast staining, and molecular analysis like PCR testing can also be employed. For certain gastrointestinal disorders, the absorption of nutrients may be assessed using tests involving radioactive substances and subsequent blood analysis.
The application of stains like the Gram stain during these fecal examinations helps in the differentiation of bacterial cells. Furthermore, specific diseases may require serological testing or the detection of white blood cells and blood in stool samples, as these are indicative of infections such as Shigella. Treatment protocols generally start with medication such as metronidazole or tinidazole, with further drugs to eradicate persisting cysts if necessary.
In nutritional contexts, the analysis of feces can offer insights into the digestion and absorption of dietary fibers that contribute to gastrointestinal health, with different types of fibers playing various roles within the large intestine.