Final answer:
The term sought by the student is 'judgment as a matter of law', which refers to a summary judgment by a court due to insufficient opposing evidence for a reasonable jury verdict. Federal courts hear cases involving federal questions or the government, and the U.S. Supreme Court may grant certiorari to resolve conflicts among lower courts. The Seventh Amendment upholds the right to a jury trial in suitable cases.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question concerns Rule 50 of the Federal Rules, which addresses motions for a judgment as a matter of law. This specific motion can be requested when a party believes that the evidence presented by the opposing party is insufficient for a reasonable jury to find in their favor, thus a full trial would be unnecessary. Within federal civil procedures, such a motion could be made during a trial, typically after the opponent has been heard, and if granted, results in a summary judgment. It's critical to note the importance of federal courts in the American legal system. These courts have jurisdiction to hear cases involving a federal question, meaning those pertaining to the U.S. Constitution, federal laws, or treaties, as well as cases where the United States government is a party.
Furthermore, the U.S. Supreme Court's Rule 10 regarding the Considerations Governing Review on Writ of Certiorari highlights instances where the Court is likely to grant certiorari, such as when lower courts are in conflict over the same matter. Lastly, it should be noted that the Seventh Amendment preserves the right to trial by jury in common law suits where the value in controversy exceeds twenty dollars and prohibits the re-examination of facts tried by a jury according to common law.