Final answer:
The use of force by law enforcement must take into account the risk of harm, strive for minimal application, prepare for the possibility of failure, and adhere to legal and policy standards.
All the provided statements are correct so the answer is (e) All of the above.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the principles and considerations involved when law enforcement officers use force. All the statements provided are indeed correct; thus, taking the propositions collectively:
Officers are trained to be conversant with the impact of tools such as pepper spray, ensuring empathy and restraint in their use. Furthermore, societal discussions emphasize the necessity for policies and practices that decrease racial tensions, with a focus on the legitimate uses of force by police in their duties.