Final answer:
Firing the probes into the subject is often a better option than a drive stun with the cartridge removed because it allows the person deploying the ECD to disengage and still deliver the effects, allows them to drive stun away from the probes, and results in fewer marks.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subject of this question is about the use of Electronic Control Devices (ECD) and the effectiveness of firing probes into the subject as opposed to a drive stun with the cartridge removed.
The correct option is d) All of the above. Firing the probes allows the person deploying the ECD to disengage while still delivering the effects of the ECD. It also allows them to drive stun away from the probes with the cartridge attached and increase the effects if needed. Additionally, a drive stun with the cartridge removed usually results in more significant "signature" marks compared to probe deployment.