Final answer:
An active guidance system is where the weapon emits tracking energy to lock onto a target. A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator that uses oscillating electric fields to accelerate particles in a circular path. Inertial confinement is a nuclear fusion technique involving lasers focused on fuel pellets.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of guidance system in which the weapon sends out the tracking energy is known as an active guidance system. This is opposed to passive guidance systems, where the weapon does not emit tracking energy but relies on an external source. In active systems, the weapon typically emits some form of energy, such as radar waves, which then bounce off the target and are received back by sensors on the weapon, allowing it to adjust its trajectory towards the target. Examples include certain types of missiles that have onboard radar or sonar systems.
A particle accelerator that uses oscillating electric fields to accelerate particles around a fixed-radius track is called a cyclotron. The cyclotron accelerates charged particles, like protons or electrons, by using a magnetic field to bend their path into a circular one, and an oscillating electric field to boost their speed at certain points along their path. This process of acceleration occurs twice per orbit in a cyclotron.
In modern physics, there have been advancements in creating massive particles for experiments. A significant method is colliding beams, where particles are made to collide head-on, facilitating the creation of new particles with energy equivalent to or greater than twice the beam energy.
The inertial confinement technique for achieving nuclear fusion involves focusing multiple intense laser beams on tiny pellets filled with fusion fuel, such as deuterium and tritium, to achieve the necessary conditions for fusion. An example of this technique is the laser fusion device at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.