Final answer:
The earliest plants and animals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent include wheat, barley, goats, sheep, and cows. These domestications took place around 10,000 BCE in northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, western Iran, Syria, and Israel.
Step-by-step explanation:
The earliest plants and animals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent/Middle East include wheat, barley, goats, sheep, and cows. Wheat and barley were first domesticated around 10,000 BCE in northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, western Iran, Syria, and Israel. These regions, collectively known as the Fertile Crescent, were favorable for agriculture due to the availability of nutritious staple crops and native animal species. The domestication of these plants and animals played a crucial role in the transition from hunting and gathering to large-scale farming in Mesopotamia.