Final answer:
Charles Darwin wrote the seminal work on natural selection entitled 'On the Origin of Species', which was published in 1859 and laid out the foundation for the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Step-by-step explanation:
The book that Charles Darwin wrote on natural selection is called On the Origin of Species. It was published in 1859 after Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace presented papers on the concept of natural selection at the Linnean Society in London in 1858. Darwin's book crucially elaborated on his arguments for evolution by natural selection, a theory that has become foundational to modern biology. In his book, Darwin described his observations from a 20-year research period that included a historic five-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. This work has had a profound impact on our understanding of the diversity of life.
Darwin also later published The Descent of Man, and Selection about Sex in 1871, further discussing evolutionary theory. However, On the Origin of Species remains the seminal text that introduced his theory of evolution to the world and influenced countless scientists and intellectuals thereafter.