Question

Modernization models include all except which of

one of the following notions?
a) If indigenous people turn to cash cropping and wage labor, they will improve their standard of living.
b) A shift from a subsistence economy to a cash economy is a necessary change if economic development is to occur.
c) Non-western nations must repeat the historical experience of the industrialized nations.
d) Social inequality and poverty have increased as more populations participate in the global market
economy.
e) Financial aid and development projects can help introduce advanced technology.

Answer 1

Modernization models do not include the notion that social inequality and poverty have increased as more populations participate in the global market economy, as this contradicts the generally positive view modernization theory has about economic integration and growth.

Step-by-step explanation:

The question asks which notion is not included in the modernization models. Modernization theory has multiple facets, but some criticisms suggest it has an ethnocentric bias and does not always consider that the effects of modernization can be negative. The correct answer, which is not part of the modernization models, is d) Social inequality and poverty have increased as more populations participate in the global market economy. This statement is more aligned with the criticisms of modernization theory, particularly the dependency theory, which argues that global inequality results from the exploitative practices of core nations. Modernization theory generally assumes that following the steps taken by industrialized nations and integrating into the global market will lead to positive outcomes such as improved standards of living, not increased inequality.