Final answer:
Arms and leg buds, bony encasement of central nervous system, and eyes appeared.
Step-by-step explanation:
The changes in animal life that occurred immediately after Invertebrata include:
- Arms and leg buds appeared: As animals moved from water to land, limb-like appendages began to develop to facilitate movement on land.
- Bony encasement of central nervous system: The development of a bony skull or cranium protected the brain and central nervous system.
- Eyes appeared: The evolution of eyes allowed animals to sense the environment and adapt to new habitats.
Therefore, the correct answer is d) all of the above.