Final answer:
The most likely cause of the 13-year-old's gum issues is pubertal hormones, which can increase the risk of gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums leading to redness, bleeding, and swelling.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the case of a 13-year-old with red, bleeding, and swollen gums present only on the labial gingiva of the maxillary anterior teeth, the most likely etiologic factor is D. Pubertal hormones. This is because hormonal changes during puberty can affect the gums, making them more susceptible to gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums caused by the accumulation of plaque and the presence of bacteria such as Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, and Actinomyces.
Gingivitis can cause symptoms like redness, irritation, and bleeding of the gums (Figure 24.9). If left untreated, gingivitis may progress to periodontitis, a more serious condition where the gums may recede, potentially leading to tooth loss due to the damage to the supporting structures of the teeth, as outlined in Figure 24.10.
Good dental hygiene practices, including regular brushing and flossing, as well as professional dental cleanings, can help manage and prevent gingivitis and the progression to more serious periodontal diseases. In more severe cases, antibiotics may be prescribed.