Final answer:
Rifampin is the preferred chemoprophylaxis for meningitis exposure, while macrolides or beta-lactams can be used as alternatives. Third-generation cephalosporins are typically used for meningococcal infections, and vaccines are crucial for prevention. Doxycycline or fluoroquinolones may be prescribed for meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
Step-by-step explanation:
Rifampin is the preferred chemoprophylaxis for meningitis exposure. However, alternatives such as macrolides or beta-lactams are acceptable regimens for patients who cannot take Rifampin, for example, women taking oral contraceptive pills as Rifampin can reduce the effectiveness of these contraceptives.
For meningococcal infections, third-generation cephalosporins are often employed, but preventive vaccination is important and has been effective, especially in Africa's meningitis belt with the introduction of the serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine. For pneumococcal meningitis, broad-spectrum antibiotics such as levofloxacin or cefotaxime are typical treatments, noting that resistance to beta-lactams is growing, necessitating alternative options like macrolides and fluoroquinolones in certain scenarios. Preventative measures include the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), particularly for vulnerable groups such as young children and older adults.
When Haemophilus influenzae is the causative agent of meningitis, treatment often includes doxycycline, fluoroquinolones, or second- and third-generation cephalosporins, with the Hib vaccine being an effective preventive measure.