Final answer:
Hypernatremia is an abnormal increase of blood sodium levels, usually due to water loss or hormonal imbalances. Sodium regulates extracellular fluid balance and is about 10 times higher outside of cells than inside. Clinical measurement of sodium is essential for assessing electrolyte balance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Hypernatremia refers to an abnormal increase in blood sodium levels. It is a critical electrolyte disturbance that can be caused by an imbalance of water in the body's cells. This could result from the loss of water from the blood (hemoconcentration) or hormonal imbalances involving antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone. Conversely, hyponatremia is defined as a lower-than-normal concentration of sodium, which can occur due to excess water accumulation diluting sodium levels or from conditions causing sodium loss such as excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or the use of diuretics.
Understanding Sodium in Body Fluids
Sodium is a key ion in extracellular fluid, and maintaining its proper concentration is vital for cellular function. Normal sodium levels are about 10 times higher outside of cells than inside. Fluid balance in the body is regulated through mechanisms involving hydrostatic pressure and osmotic gradients, as well as by active and passive transport processes.
In clinical settings, sodium levels are frequently measured to assess and manage electrolyte and acid-base balance. Reference values are established for bodily fluids such as blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine and are critical for diagnosis and treatment. Abnormal sodium levels can have severe consequences, including impacts on nerve and muscle function.