Final answer:
Two types of DNA extracted from bones are mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA. Through a process involving cell lysis, enzyme action, and alcohol precipitation, DNA is separated and purified, which can be used for various applications such as research and forensics. Centrifugation is one technique used to isolate DNA, which can be stored at -80°C for long periods.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two types of DNA that can be extracted from bones are mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is found in the mitochondria, which is the energy-producing organelle of the cell and is inherited maternally. Nuclear DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell and contains the vast majority of an organism's genetic information, representing the genetic material from both parents. The extraction of DNA from bones involves several steps: cell lysis to break open the cells, degradation of unwanted molecules using enzymes, and precipitation of DNA with alcohol. The isolated DNA can be used for various applications including research, medical diagnostics, and forensics. Due to possible degradation and contamination risks, especially with ancient bones, sophisticated technologies are required to ensure the purity and integrity of the extracted DNA. Fossilized DNA from bones can provide valuable information about the evolution and history of species, including extinct ones like Neanderthals. The use of centrifugation helps separate the DNA from cell debris; the supernatant containing the DNA is transferred to a clean tube. The DNA can appear as a gelatinous white mass and is usually stored at -80°C for extended periods.