Final answer:
The primary etiological factor associated with periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, which leads to inflammation and can progress to more severe forms of gum disease without proper hygiene.
Step-by-step explanation:
The primary etiological factor associated with periodontal disease is A. bacterial plaque. Periodontal disease begins with the inflammation of the gums known as gingivitis, which is caused by the accumulation of plaque on the teeth. This accumulation provides a breeding ground for bacteria, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Over time, without proper oral hygiene, this can progress to more severe periods of the disease, such as periodontitis. Factors such as smoking and certain health conditions like diabetes mellitus can exacerbate the severity of gum disease but are not the primary etiological factors.
Effective management and prevention of periodontal disease include maintaining excellent oral hygiene, which involves regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings to remove plaque and minimize the risk of gum inflammation and disease progression.