Final answer:
Female dominance hierarchies in primates are associated with scramble competition, where females compete for resources and social status. This is influenced by female choice in mating, where females prefer certain males.
Step-by-step explanation:
Female dominance hierarchies in primates are closely associated with scramble competition. This means that females actively compete for resources and social status within their social groups. They establish dominance hierarchies through various behaviors such as aggression, intimidation, and alliance formation. For example, in certain primate species, dominant females may secure access to food sources and mating opportunities.
One reason for female dominance and scramble competition in primates is the presence of female choice in mating. Females often prefer to mate with certain males who exhibit desirable traits or behaviors, such as being friendly and cooperative. This creates competition among females to secure access to these preferred males. Therefore, female dominance hierarchies are an important aspect of primate social organization and reproductive strategies.