Final answer:
Scientists use observational science and models to study unobservable or non-replicable phenomena. In astronomy, this involves analyzing data from various celestial objects via advanced technologies. High-quality observations and simplified models help test hypotheses, making complex systems easier to understand.
Step-by-step explanation:
When examining phenomena that are beyond our direct observation or are not replicable, scientists often turn to observational science. For instance, in astronomy, we cannot physically handle galaxies or witness the formation of stars in a lab setting. Astronomers carefully observe various samples of celestial objects, utilizing new technology to gain different perspectives and greater detail. By analyzing how these samples vary, they test hypotheses in a manner akin to laboratory experiments. The validity of these observations can depend on the quality and consistency of the data collected from instruments like telescopes. Models also play a crucial role in exploring unobservable phenomena. Scientific models are simplified representations of complex systems, which allow scientists to study the underlying mechanisms of the real world in a more manageable framework. When it comes to understanding why certain constants are as they are, or why the universe behaves in specific ways, these models can provide insights that may be confirmed or refuted by future discoveries or technological advancements. Indeed, the example of Supernova 1987A showcases that experimental evidence for a phenomenon that is not reproducible still holds importance if the single observation is of sufficiently high quality. The debates around the fifth force illustrate the challenges that arise when phenomena aren't easily reproducible or observable, thereby influencing the acceptance of new scientific ideas.