Final answer:
Secondary peritonitis, a severe inflammation of the peritoneum, can result from a nosocomial infection post-abdominal surgery. The bacteria Clostridium difficile is a notable cause of severe complications in such cases. Treatment typically involves emergency surgery and antibiotics, but mortality rates remain significant.
Step-by-step explanation:
Bacteria can cause secondary peritonitis as a complication of abdominal surgery, which is an inflammation of the peritoneum termed peritonitis. This condition can arise from bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridium difficile, with the latter being a notable cause of nosocomial infections that may lead to pseudomembranous colitis. In Roberta's case, where she had recent gallstone surgery, the physician suspected a nosocomial infection, which could be the result of anaerobic aerotolerant bacteria abundant in the human gut.
Hospital-acquired infections can be introduced during surgery due to contact with bacteria from the lower gastrointestinal tract or the hospital environment. Additionally, the long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can lead to a superinfection where resistant bacteria like Clostridium difficile can cause severe complications. Peritonitis requires immediate medical attention, often involving emergency surgery and intensive antibiotic therapy. Despite advances in medical care, the mortality rate from peritonitis still ranges from 30 to 40 percent.