Final answer:
Cultural resource management involves assessing potential impacts on archaeological sites when new developments are proposed, and making decisions about the treatment of cultural objects, including preservation or restoration of the sites. Section 106 review, consultation with SHPOs and THPOs, and legal protections play key roles in this process.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cultural Resource Management and Archaeological Sites
Cultural resource management involves a range of practices and decisions in the treatment of archaeological sites. When a new development, such as a road or building, is proposed, a Section 106 review is often required to assess the potential impact on Native American cultural sites. This process can lead to consultation and cooperation between State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs) and Tribal Historic Preservation Offices (THPOs), guiding decisions on the treatment of any cultural objects found. Tribes often advocate for the preservation and non-disturbance of human remains and the repatriation of cultural objects.
There are important decisions to be made regarding the restoration or conservation of archaeological sites after excavation. Restoration attempts to return a site to a previous state, which poses the challenge of choosing which historical period to represent. Conservation aims to preserve the site as it is, maintaining its integrity and considering future interpretations. Modern conservation principles emphasize reversibility, allowing for updates as new information or technologies become available.
During the initial archaeological survey, techniques such as ground reconnaissance or use of drones are used to discover artifacts and determine the need for further excavation. Cultural artifacts found during surveys can indicate the potential richness of a site, prompting more detailed archaeological studies. However, such activities must be balanced with considerations for site preservation and legal restrictions against disturbing or removing archaeological materials.
Ultimately, the decisions made in cultural resource management have significant consequences not only for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage but also for honoring the values and rights of indigenous and local communities, as exemplified by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and other legislation aimed at protecting cultural sites.