Question

Although horticulture societies typically manage resources through use rights rather than private property, why do social hierarchies often develop in horticultural societies?

Answer 1

Social hierarchies often develop in horticultural societies due to intensive farming methods, agricultural surplus, specialization, and wealth accumulation.

Step-by-step explanation:

In horticultural societies, resources are managed through use rights rather than private property. However, social hierarchies often develop in these societies due to several factors:

1. Intensive farming methods: When favorable conditions allow societies to intensify farming with techniques such as irrigation and terracing, it requires strong community authority. The organization of labor and resources promotes social hierarchies.
2. Agricultural surplus: Horticultural societies generate a modest surplus that can be traded with other communities. This surplus allows some members to specialize in craft production and leadership roles, creating social hierarchies.
3. Specialization and wealth accumulation: With surplus resources, individuals can specialize in activities other than food production. Some become traders, religious leaders, or elites, gaining wealth and authority. This leads to social divisions based on wealth and gender roles.