Final answer:
Chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins, specifically histones. Genes are segments of DNA on chromosomes that code for proteins. During cell division, chromosomes feature chromatids and a centromere.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Two Components of Chromosomes
The two main components of chromosomes are DNA and proteins. Specifically, the proteins involved are called histones. These components form a complex structure, with the DNA tightly coiled around the histones, creating a dense and organized entity within the cell nucleus. Chromosomes, which contain hundreds to thousands of genes, are essential for the coding of proteins. Each gene carries the instructions for the creation of a single protein, which is crucial for varying cellular functions and the overall phenotype of an organism.
During cell division, chromosomes become more compact to ensure the DNA is accurately replicated and distributed to the daughter cells. Importantly, chromatids and centromeres are key structural components of chromosomes during this process. Chromatids are the replicated forms of chromosomes, and the centromere is the region where two chromatids are joined together and where the microtubules of the spindle attach during cell division.