Final answer:
Neanderthals, or Sapiens neanderthalensis, had physical and cultural adaptations to cold climates, including a robust build, larger brains, and the use of fire and clothing. Despite these adaptations, their specialization to cold environments and smaller populations likely contributed to their extinction as climate warmed and Homo sapiens sapiens expanded into their territories.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sapiens neanderthalensis, commonly known as Neanderthals, had several adaptations to survive in cold climates. They had a robust build with a stocky body, shorter limbs, and a large nasal cavity which are all considered adaptations to conserve heat. Their physical prowess, characterized by strong musculature, aided them in hunting large game effectively, which was crucial for survival in harsh cold environments. Neanderthal skulls were larger on average than those of modern humans, with adult brain volumes ranging from 1,450 to 1,650 cubic centimetres, suggesting a high cognitive capacity. This brainpower, along with the strategic use of fire and animal skins for warmth, reflects their advanced adaptation strategies.
Archeological evidence also indicates that Neanderthals used tools and may have worn clothing to protect against the cold. Their known use of body paints and ritual burials of the dead reflect a complex culture. However, their adaptation to cold climates may have been one of the factors contributing to their extinction. As Homo sapiens sapiens spread into Neanderthal territories and climates warmed, Neanderthals, with adaptations specific to colder environments, might have struggled to compete. Their tendency to live in smaller groups with less genetic diversity may have also hindered their survival against the more adaptable and numerous Homo sapiens sapiens.