Final answer:
B) Caring Margaret Newman did not include 'Caring' as a central concept in her work built on Rogers' metaparadigm; her theory emphasized human beings, the environment, and health, with a specific focus on consciousness and transformation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept that was not included in the work of Margaret Newman which built on the metaparadigm concepts by Rogers is: B) Caring.Margaret Newman's theory of health as expanding consciousness was built on the prior work of Martha Rogers, with a focus on the concepts of human beings, the environment, and health. Newman considered health as the expansion of consciousness, where the focus was on patterns of interaction between the individual and the environment. This theoretical framework emphasizes the individual's ability to make meaning of life experiences and engage in patterns of relating that contribute to personal, social, and environmental transformation. Unlike Rogers, Newman's theory did not specifically include caring as one of the central concepts, although it remains an implicit aspect of nursing practice.
The confusion may arise from the works of other nursing theorists like Jean Watson, who prominently featured caring in her theory. Additionally, care ethics, in general, is attributed to pioneers like Nel Noddings and is considered a feminine and feminist approach, with a focus on relationship-building and caregiving. Newman's primary purpose was to see the person-environment interaction from a higher level of consciousness and help the patient to use the disease as an opportunity to transform the situation and reach higher levels of consciousnessThe metaparadigm concepts developed by Margaret Newman include the concepts of Human, Caring, Environment, and Health. Therefore, the concept not included in Newman's work is A) HumanMargaret Newman expanded on Martha Rogers' metaparadigm concepts by adding the concept of Health, in addition to Human, Caring, and Environment. The four concepts together form the foundation of Newman's nursing theory, which emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing the interrelationships between the individual, the environment, and health. While Human, Caring, Environment, and Health are all integral to Newman's theory, Human was not included as a separate concept in her work.