Final answer:
A descent system refers to a method used to trace kinship relationships within a society. There are three ways to define descent: bilateral descent, unilateral descent, and cognatic descent. Bilateral descent considers both the mother's and father's sides of the family equally important, while unilateral descent traces kinship through either the mother's side or the father's side. Cognatic descent combines unilateral patrilineal and matrilineal descent.
Step-by-step explanation:
Descent System
A descent system refers to a method used to trace kinship relationships within a society. There are three ways to define descent: bilateral descent, unilateral descent, and cognatic descent.
Bilateral Descent:
In a bilateral descent system, both the mother's and father's sides of the family are considered equally important. Individuals have kinship ties and inheritance rights from both parents. This system is commonly found in Western societies.
Unilateral Descent:
In unilateral descent, kinship and inheritance are traced through either the mother's side (matrilineal descent) or the father's side (patrilineal descent). In ambilineal descent, the choice depends on the situation. Different societies have different preferences for unilateral descent, and it can impact aspects like family surnames and permanent family membership.
Cognatic Descent:
Cognatic descent, also known as bilateral kinship, is a combination of unilateral patrilineal and matrilineal descent. It allows kinship connections through both parents but gives preference to one side depending on cultural norms and individual choice.
My Association with Kinship:
Personally, as someone born and raised in a Western society, the bilateral descent system applies to me. I have kinship ties and inheritance rights from both my mother's and father's side of the family.