Final answer:
Bergmann's and Allen's rules are ecogeographic rules that apply to animal populations. Bergmann's rule states that larger animal species are found in colder environments, while Allen's rule states that animal populations from colder climates have shorter appendages. These rules help animals adapt to their environment by either retaining or dissipating heat.
Step-by-step explanation:
Bergmann's and Allen's rules are both ecogeographic rules that apply to animal populations. Bergmann's rule states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic group, populations or species of larger size are found in colder environments, whereas populations or species of smaller size are found in warmer environments. Allen's rule, on the other hand, states that animal populations from colder climates will have shorter appendages (such as limbs or ears) compared to populations from warmer climates, which will have longer appendages.
These rules are observed in various animal species, including mammals and birds. For example, polar bears, which live in cold environments, are larger in size than sun bears in warmer climates. Similarly, animals like the Arctic fox have shorter limbs and ears compared to animals like the fennec fox living in warmer regions.
The goal of Bergmann's and Allen's rules is to adapt to the environment. In colder climates, larger body size helps animals retain heat more efficiently, while in warmer climates, smaller body size and longer appendages help dissipate heat more effectively.