Final answer:
The Inca were South American natives who spoke Quechua and ruled an empire with Cuzco as its capital. Their Sapa Inca oversaw a robust economic system, and deceased rulers were mummified. The empire extended from Colombia to Chile and was known for its advanced road networks and agriculture.
Step-by-step explanation:
Who were the Inca and Their Sociopolitical Structure?
The Inca were a South American civilization that created a vast empire known for its unique social, political, and architectural achievements. They were the most highly developed and complex society in pre-Columbian America, with a domain that stretched from modern-day Colombia to Chile. Incas referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu, or "the four regions," which was an alliance of four states. The linguistic term "Inca" means "lord" in the Quechua language, the native tongue which acted as the lingua franca of the empire.
Capital and Administration of the Inca Empire:
Their capital was Cuzco, located in today's Peru. Known for its advanced engineering feats, the Inca built extensive roads and bridges connecting the vast regions of their empire. They effectively managed their lands without the use of a written language, employing a unique record-keeping system known as the quipu.
Economic System and the Role of the Sapa Inca:
The Sapa Inca, the emperor, was at the top of the social hierarchy. The empire's economic system was based on mita, a labor tax that contributed to the magnificent engineering works and the agricultural terraces which supported their food supply. Peasants worked for the state and in return received protection and sustenance.
Religious Beliefs and Treatment of Deceased Rulers:
In religious practice, the Inca civilization was polytheistic, worshipping gods like Inti the sun deity. Deceased rulers were mummified and continued to wield political influence, with their wealth and possessions accompanying them into the afterlife. This signified the Inca's belief in the continuity of life and power beyond death.
Impact and Legacy:
The Inca empire was ultimately conquered by Spanish explorers led by Francisco Pizarro in the 16th century. The Spaniards incorporated aspects of Incan infrastructure and administration in their colonial rule, while the influx of silver from the Americas caused economic disruptions in Spain, leading to inflation and financial crises.