Final answer:
The hypotheses for the final dispersal of humans into the Americas and the Pacific are the Bering Land Bridge theory, Coastal migration theory, and Polynesian expansion theory. Technologies necessary for these events include stone tools, watercraft, and navigational tools.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two main hypotheses for the final dispersal of humans into the Americas are the Bering Land Bridge theory and the Coastal migration theory. The Bering Land Bridge theory suggests that humans migrated to the Americas by crossing a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. The Coastal migration theory proposes that humans used watercraft to travel along the coast from Asia to the Americas.
For the Pacific, the primary hypothesis is the Polynesian expansion theory. It suggests that humans used navigational techniques and seafaring skills to explore and settle islands in the Pacific, ultimately reaching as far as Hawaii and New Zealand.
Technologies necessary for these major events include stone tools, such as projectile points, scrapers, and blades, for hunting and gathering food. Watercraft, such as canoes and rafts, were crucial for coastal migration and Pacific exploration. Navigational tools, like star charts and knowledge of winds and currents, were also important for successful Pacific voyages.