Final answer:
Neanderthals had distinct anatomical features such as a stout build, occipital bun, and large brow ridges. Their skull shape and larger brain volume with a differently organized brain suggest sensory specialization. The RUNX2 gene highlights evolutionary differences influencing their unique morphology.
Step-by-step explanation:
Growth and Anatomical Adaptations of Neanderthals
The Neanderthals, classified as Homo neanderthalensis, were closely related to modern humans and show a range of distinctive anatomical characteristics. Their skulls had an occipital bun, large brow ridges, a large nasal cavity, and rounded incisor wear. These traits were adaptations to their environment, with the large front teeth and corresponding wear suggesting use in chewing leather, while their broad scapula and robust humerus pointed to well-developed rotator cuff muscles, suitable for throwing projectiles and spearing.
Neanderthals were generally stocky and barrel-chested, with a bell-shaped rib cage, and had a larger average brain size than modern humans. However, intelligence is complex, and while their brain's frontal region was less developed, the posterior regions were more pronounced, indicating a specialization for sensory processing in challenging environments. The gene RUNX2 showcases significant evolutionary divergence between Neanderthals and modern humans, influencing cranial shape and upper body morphology. Their culture included the use of fire, big game hunting, body decoration with paints, and sometimes burying their dead.
Neanderthals lived from about 200,000 to 30,000 years ago and have been found to have interbred with modern humans. Evidence of their strong musculature and risks taken during hunting can be seen at archaeological sites like Shanidar Cave in Iraq. These attributes and behaviors reflect a complex picture of Neanderthal growth, development, and adaptation to their environment.