Final answer:
Peripheral vascular alterations such as edema and varicose veins are caused by increased venous pressure and valvular insufficiency, which can lead to discomfort, pain, and potential thrombus formation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Peripheral vascular alterations associated with venous problems include conditions such as edema and varicose veins. Edema is a result of increased pressure in the veins leading to fluid accumulation in the interstitial tissues. This increased pressure can originate from blood pooling, particularly in the lower limbs due to gravity's pull.
It can be exacerbated by defective valves that do not prevent backflow effectively. Varicose veins are a direct consequence of this valvular insufficiency, leading to vein distension, twisting, and visibility just under the skin. While not solely a cosmetic issue.
Varicose veins can cause discomfort, pain, itchiness, and throbbing if untreated, and could lead to the development of a thrombus or clot. To manage these complications, options include the use of support hose, leg elevation, laser surgery, or even conventional surgery in severe cases.