Final answer:
During the Counter-Reformation, Jews and Muslims in Europe, especially in Spain, were forced to convert to Catholicism or face expulsion.
Step-by-step explanation:
During the Counter-Reformation, Jews and Muslims faced challenges, as Christian rulers in Europe sought to strengthen and centralize their religious authority, which included enforcing religious uniformity. In 1492, Spain enacted policies that forced these two groups to either convert to Catholicism or leave the country. This policy of forced conversion or exile was a key part of the so-called Spanish Inquisition and the broader Christian reconquest of Spain, which culminated in the expulsion of the Muslims after the fall of Granada, as well as the Edict of Expulsion for Jews.
Muslims that remained often had to adopt special clothing to distinguish themselves, pay taxes to the Christian church, and were barred from working in Christian households or marrying Christians. Jews, who had been persecuted throughout the Middle Ages, found their situation increasingly precarious with expulsions, forced conversions, or living under strict regulations if they refused to convert.