Final answer:
Political systems with centralized bureaucratic institutions that exercise authority over large populations are known as nation-states. These systems prioritize legal rules and procedures, balancing the distribution of power between central and regional governments. Bureaucracy aids in the efficient management and coordination within large political units.
Step-by-step explanation:
Political systems with centralized bureaucratic institutions that establish power and authority over large populations in a specific territory are referred to as nation-states. These nation-states are characterized by rational-bureaucratic power where authority is based on legal rules and procedures rather than social status or personal identities. For example, in the United States, the political system allows citizens to vote based on legal citizenship, not on class, gender, or ethnic identity. Bureaucracy is essential for the management of large groups and is more efficient than personal relationships for coordination within large political units.
Political scientists recognize different types of governance structures such as unitary governments, federations, and confederations. These structures vary based on the distribution of power between central and regional governments. For instance, federations may grant some political autonomy to regions to cater to multi-ethnic or multi-national needs while maintaining national unity in areas like defense and economy. Hence, the role of the central government in these systems is differentiated. Nation-states with effective bureaucracies are more capable of enacting policies, including taxation and military organization.