Final answer:
An injectable solution with a sterile water base is known as an aquous solution. Saline solution, which is isotonic with body fluids, is commonly given intravenously to dehydrated patients. Normal saline and lactated Ringer's solution are isotonic solutions used in such medical treatments.
Step-by-step explanation:
An injectable solution with a sterile water base is known as a aquous solution. This is significant in medical applications, especially when a dehydrated human patient needs fluids intravenously. In such cases, a saline solution that is isotonic with body fluids is typically administered. Isotonic solutions are crucial because they have the same salt concentration as the blood and tissues of the body, which helps to ensure that the cells are not damaged by fluid shifting into or out of them excessively. Examples of isotonic solutions include normal saline and lactated Ringer's solution, both of which are used to maintain fluid balance and provide electrolytes. The concentration of normal saline is 0.16 M sodium chloride, and the mass of sodium chloride required to prepare 250 mL of this solution can be calculated using molarity formulas. Medical staff may also use stock solutions of electrolytes like potassium chloride (KCl) to make diluted solutions suitable for intravenous administration, which requires precise dilution calculations.