Final answer:
The medical term for a condition causing backup of urine and distension of the renal pelvis due to blocked urine exit from the kidney is 'hydronephrosis'. It differs from polycystic kidney disease, diuresis, and hypospadias, and requires prompt treatment to prevent further kidney damage.
Step-by-step explanation:
When a patient experiences a blockage in the urinary tract that causes urine to back up and the renal pelvis to distend, the condition is known as hydronephrosis. This medical term characterizes the enlargement of one or both kidneys due to the obstruction of urine flow. The other options listed are separate conditions: polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys; diuresis refers to increased or excessive urine production; and hypospadias is a congenital condition affecting the urethra in males.
Hydronephrosis is not to be confused with polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is also mentioned in the student's question. PKD is often inherited and involves the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys which can disrupt normal function and potentially lead to kidney failure, requiring treatments such as dialysis or transplantation. On the other hand, hydronephrosis is the specific condition arising from an acute obstruction, such as from kidney stones, causing a backup of urine and an enlarged kidney. It can occur as both a congenital anomaly or due to acquired conditions, and it can lead to severe complications if left untreated, like infection or damage to the kidney tissues.
Treatments for hydronephrosis may vary based on the underlying cause of the blockage and may include procedures to remove or bypass the obstruction, such as surgery for kidney stones or tumors. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own without the need for invasive treatment. It is crucial to address the underlying cause promptly to prevent further kidney damage and to restore proper urine flow and kidney function.