Final answer:
Haematuria, the presence of red blood cells in urine, points to various urinary system pathologies, such as nephritis and kidney stones. Hemoglobinuria, on the other hand, involves free hemoglobin and is associated with diseases like malaria. Urinalysis aids in the identification of renal diseases by detecting substances like RBCs, WBCs, and proteins.
Step-by-step explanation:
Haematuria, the appearance of red blood cells (RBCs) in urine, almost always indicates an underlying pathology of the urinary system. This condition arises from various causes including nephritis, trauma to the urinary tract, tuberculosis of the kidney, and kidney stones. The presence of haematuria is often detected through microscopic examination of the urine, which reveals RBCs alongside potentially white blood cells (WBCs) in cases of infection or inflammation.
While hematuria refers specifically to the presence of RBCs, hemoglobinuria is a related condition characterized by the presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, absent of intact RBCs. Hemoglobinuria can occur in diseases such as malaria, kala-azar, and typhoid, which cause RBCs to lyse. These conditions reflect disorders of hematopoiesis, the process through which blood cells are formed, developed, and differentiated from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells.
An analysis such as urinalysis can provide further clues to renal disease. Not only RBCs but also proteins, WBCs, and other substances like crystals or bacteria might be found, helping to pinpoint the specific cause of the urinary pathology. Thus, the finding of haematuria signifies a need for additional investigation to determine the precise etiology of the urinary system disorder.