Final answer:
The destruction of cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis is caused by inflammatory cytokines and immune cell activation, which result in inflammation and breakdown of joint cartilage. Diagnostic methods include symptom observation, imaging, and blood tests, while treatment options range from rest and exercise to medications and surgery.
Step-by-step explanation:
The destruction of cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is primarily due to inflammatory cytokines and the activation of immune cells. In RA, an autoimmune disease, the body's immune system inadvertently attacks the joint synovium leading to inflammation and cartilage damage. Immune cells such as T cells and phagocytes infiltrate the joint, while cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α promote inflammation and breakdown of the cartilage. This results in the cartilage being degraded, with subsequent rubbing of bones against each other, causing pain and further joint damage.
Diagnosis of RA is typically made through the observation of symptoms such as joint inflammation and pain, supported by imaging techniques like X-rays, MRI, and arthrography. Blood tests measuring levels of rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP antibodies, CRP, and ESR are also indicative of RA. Treatment involves alleviating symptoms as well as slowing disease progression and may include rest, exercise, anti-inflammatory medications, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and potentially surgery.