Final answer:
Psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, deep-brain stimulation, and medication options like MAOIs and SSRIs may be used to treat bipolar patients who do not respond to monotherapy or have severe mania.
Step-by-step explanation:
For bipolar patients who do not respond to monotherapy or have severe mania, there are several treatment options available. These include:
- Psychotherapy: This involves talking to a therapist or counselor to better understand and manage symptoms.
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): This is a procedure in which electric currents are passed through the brain to induce a controlled seizure. ECT can help alleviate severe symptoms of mania.
- Deep-brain stimulation (DBS): In this treatment, electrodes are surgically implanted into specific brain regions. They deliver electrical impulses to regulate brain activity and reduce symptoms.
- Medications: Options include taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and/or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to help stabilize mood.