Final answer:
Antipsychotics, or neuroleptics, can be used to treat psychosis in various disorders including dementia, but they must be used with caution in the elderly due to potential side effects and increased risk. Risperidone and haloperidol are examples of antipsychotics that may be prescribed, but they require careful monitoring for adverse effects, especially on motor control.
Step-by-step explanation:
Antipsychotics are a class of medication used to manage symptoms of various psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They function primarily as dopamine antagonists, blocking dopamine receptors to reduce symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. As these medications impact dopamine neurotransmission, they can also produce side effects reminiscent of Parkinson's disease, or cause other motor control issues. In elderly patients with dementia, antipsychotic use is controversial due to an increased risk of side effects and must be carefully considered.
In dementia patients, antipsychotics may be considered to manage aggression or psychosis when non-pharmacological interventions are ineffective. However, there is a high burden to weigh the potential benefits against risks, such as sedation, motor disturbances, and increased mortality. Especially with drugs like haloperidol, it is important to monitor for changes in motor control, indicating the need for dosage adjustment or even discontinuation.
Risperidone is another antipsychotic that targets multiple receptors, including D2 and serotonin. It also influences adrenergic and histaminergic receptors, and its use requires careful monitoring due to the potential for side effects. Ultimately, the decision to use antipsychotics in dementia patients should be made with caution and involve regular assessment for efficacy and adverse events.