Final answer:
An individual who believes that no moral or civil laws should apply to them is typically called an anarchist, advocating for a state-free society based on voluntary cooperation. This contrasts with libertarianism, which supports minimal government intervention rather than total abolition of state power.
Step-by-step explanation:
A name for someone who believes that no moral or civil laws should apply to him is often termed an anarchist. Anarchism is a political theory that espouses the belief in the elimination of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion. The theory suggests that there is little or no justification for a state to impose its wishes upon individuals, advocating for minimal infringement on human autonomy. While Thomas Hobbes proposed that life without rules and laws would be a 'state of nature' characterized by chaos and survival of the fittest, anarchists deem themselves free from the moral obligations to obey the state. And contrary to the belief that without codified laws there would only be a chaotic free-for-all, many non-Western societies operate harmoniously without formal leadership or laws.
The idea of personal liberty and minimal government control can also be associated with libertarianism, where individuals prefer minimal state intervention in personal lives and economic matters. Still, it's important to distinguish between the total rejection of laws, as seen in anarchist ideology, and a preference for minimal regulation, which characterizes libertarianism. Both positions, however, involve critical reflections on the nature and extent of government authority and its impact on individual freedoms.