Final answer:
Kantian ethics objects to producing the "perfect baby" based on parental desires, as it treats the child as a means to an end rather than an end in themselves. The debate over genetic engineering involves complex issues such as health versus beauty/intelligence enhancement and potential societal inequality. Ethical considerations include medical non-maleficence and the impact on the socio-economic division.
Step-by-step explanation:
The ethical tradition objecting to parents creating the "perfect baby" to fulfill their own desires is generally considered to align with Kantian ethics. Kantian ethics, based on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, argues that individuals should never be treated merely as a means to an end, but always as ends in themselves. This principle objects to using technology to engineer a child's traits solely for the parents' preferences, as it disregards the child's inherent dignity as an individual. In contrast, utilitarianism, which suggests actions are morally right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number, may support genetic engineering if it leads to overall increased well-being.
An ethical conundrum arises when considering the different aims of genetic engineering, such as enhancing health versus selecting for beauty or intelligence. Some might argue that preventing a devastating genetic disease aligns with Primum non nocere, the principle of "first, do no harm," and promotes well-being. However, selecting traits like beauty or intelligence could be seen as catering to societal biases and preferences, boosting inequality and social division.
The debate extends to the contentious issue of using Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) by disabled parents wishing to have a child with the same disability. This raises questions about medical ethics and the principle of non-maleficence. Moreover, the high costs associated with genetic engineering technologies could widen the socioeconomic inequality gap, limiting access to only the wealthiest, thus exacerbating social divides and laying a foundation for new forms of discrimination.
Therefore, the ethical debate is profound and intricate, pivoting on varying interpretations of what constitutes moral actions, the concept of human flourishing, and the implications of advanced biotechnology on society.