Final answer:
Hyponasal individuals often substitute certain nasal sounds with other consonants due to insufficient nasal airflow. Sounds like [m], [n], and 'ng' may be replaced with [b] or [p], [d] or [t], and [g] or [k] respectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
Hyponasal speech occurs when there is insufficient nasal airflow during speech, such as when a person has a congested nose from a cold or due to anatomical blockages. This condition often leads to substitutions of certain nasal sounds because the individual can't produce them correctly.
Examples of frequently substituted sounds in hyponasal individuals include changes in the pronunciation of consonant sounds like [m], which may sound more like [b] or [p], [n] which may sound like [d] or [t], and the nasal sound 'ng' (as in the phonetic symbol 'Eng'), which may be replaced by a sound such as [g] or [k]. Thus, words like 'mine' might sound like 'dine', and 'song' might sound like 'sok'. These substitutions change the normal resonance of speech, giving it a distinctive character often associated with nasal congestion.