Final answer:
The brain processes information similarly to a computer with encoding, storage, and retrieval as the three basic functions of memory. Encoding is how information enters our memory system, storage retains the information, and retrieval is the act of recalling the stored information when needed.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Third Function of Memory:
When comparing the brain to a computer, the memory functions in a system of encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of getting sensory information into the memory system. Storage involves retaining the encoded information as a permanent record. Finally, retrieval is the act of getting the information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness, allowing us to recall, recognize or relearn information that was previously encoded and stored. An example of this would be studying for a test, where the information is learned (encoded), stored and then recalled (retrieved) when needed for the exam.
The process of encoding can happen through automatic processing, such as remembering a familiar smell or through effortful processing, which requires conscious attention like studying for a test. Once information is encoded, it moves through different memory systems initially into sensory memory, then to short-term memory and potentially to long-term memory through rehearsal as per the Atkinson-Shiffrin model. It's in the long-term memory that information has a practically limitless storage capacity and is categorized into implicit and explicit memory. The retrieval of information is crucial for utilizing the stored knowledge. The ability to retrieve information may be affected by how well it was encoded and the type of encoding used, be it visual, acoustic or semantic. Key structures in the brain such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala play pivotal roles in this complex process of memory storage and retrieval.