Final answer:
Acceptable sampling without replacement occurs when the sample size is negligible compared to the population size, ensuring selection probabilities remain constant after each draw.
Step-by-step explanation:
It is considered acceptable to sample without replacement in psychological studies involving undergraduates at a particular institution and a population attempting to generalize is the global adult population when the sample size is negligible relative to the population size (d). This is because the effects of sampling without replacement become less significant as the ratio of the sample size to the population size decreases, meaning that each individual's chance of being selected remains practically constant. Sampling without replacement is typically avoided in smaller samples as it can result in a higher probability of bias, unless the population is highly homogeneous (c).
Sampling without replacement is relevant in contexts where the population is large, and the removal of one individual from the population doesn't significantly alter the probability of selecting another individual. For instance, if you conduct a survey with a huge global population and your sample size is only a few thousand, the chances don't change much if a single individual isn't replaced after being sampled. However, if you were sampling from a much smaller population, such as the students at a single college, the chances would change appreciably after each draw, potentially skewing your results if sampled without replacement.