Final answer:
Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants that work by enhancing the action of GABA neurotransmitters, leading to sedative and hypnotic effects. They are used medically but have largely been replaced by safer alternatives due to the risks of addiction and overdose. Phenobarbital and pentobarbital are examples of barbiturates.
Step-by-step explanation:
Barbiturates are a class of drugs derived from barbituric acid and are known for their sedative and hypnotic effects. They work by enhancing the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system. Originally synthesized in 1864, barbiturates have been used to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, and seizures thanks to their calming effects. However, these drugs also carry a high risk of addiction and overdose, particularly when combined with other CNS depressants like alcohol, opiates, or benzodiazepines. Examples of barbiturates include phenobarbital and pentobarbital. Barbiturates were once common for inducing sleep and replacing drugs such as opiates and alcohol, but due to their high risk for addiction and lack of an antidote for overdose, they have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepine medications. Despite the risks, barbiturates are still used in some medical practices, including general anesthesia and treatment for specific types of headaches. These drugs must be administered carefully due to the potential for severe side effects, such as depression of the central nervous system. Due to the downer effect of barbiturates, symptoms of overdose can range from drowsiness and incoordination to life-threatening conditions like coma or death. As a result, drug withdrawal from barbiturates is a serious process and must be managed with medical supervision.