Final answer:
The genetic engineering tool used to make multiple copies of DNA is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). GMOs are created using various techniques including restriction endonucleases, recombinant DNA, and protein overexpression. Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.
Step-by-step explanation:
The tool of genetic engineering used to make multiple copies of DNA is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). PCR is a biotechnology process that amplifies a specific DNA sequence. In this process, primers—short pieces of DNA complementary to each end of the target sequence—are combined with genomic DNA, Taq polymerase (a DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus), and deoxynucleotides. The ability to amplify DNA via PCR is crucial in many fields such as forensic science, medical diagnostics, and biological research.
As for the creation of GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms), this can involve various genetic engineering techniques including the generation of genomic DNA fragments with restriction endonucleases, the introduction of recombinant DNA into an organism by any means, and the overexpression of proteins in microbes such as E. coli. Therefore, the correct answer to the review question on how GMOs are created is 'd. all of the above'.
Additionally, the enzyme that uses RNA as a template to produce a DNA copy is called reverse transcriptase. This enzyme is particularly important in cDNA synthesis, converting RNA sequences into complementary DNA (cDNA), which can then be amplified using PCR.