Final answer:
Ryle's 'Descartes Myth' and the Ghost of Dogma refer to Gilbert Ryle's critique of Cartesian dualism, asserting that separating the mind as a non-physical entity from the physical body is a fundamental mistake.
Step-by-step explanation:
When referring to Ryle's 'Descartes Myth' and the Ghost of Dogma, it usually pertains to Gilbert Ryle's criticism of René Descartes' mind-body dualism. This dualism posits that the mind and body are distinct substances, the former being immaterial and capable of existing without the latter. Ryle considered this view a kind of dogma because it perpetuates a dualistic perspective that he believed was a misunderstanding, famously referring to it as 'the Ghost in the Machine.' Ryle argues that Descartes' concept of the mind as a non-physical entity is a categorical mistake and promotes the mistaken notion that mental and physical activities occur in separate realms.
Contemporary Western Philosophy and its relationship with atheism involve the Logical Positivists, who contributed to the idea that many philosophers are narrow-mindedly atheistic. They believed religious talk was meaningless, which wasn't so much about being dogmatic against religion, but rather about their particular understanding of language and meaning.
The distinction between mythos to logos speaks to the transition from mythological or religious explanations of the world to ones based on reason and logic. This shift illustrates the evolution from supernatural narratives to those grounded in rationalism and empiricism.