Final answer:
Formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, and iodophors like povidone-iodine are three chemicals that are used for sterilization, with each having unique properties and applications in healthcare settings.
Step-by-step explanation:
Chemicals Used for Sterilization:
Three chemicals commonly utilized for sterilization purposes are formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, and iodophors such as povidone-iodine.
Formaldehyde:
As an alkylating agent, formaldehyde, which is also known as formalin in its 37% solution form, is a powerful chemical sterilant. It operates by inactivating enzymes and nucleic acids through the alkylation process, which involves replacing a hydrogen atom within a molecule with an alkyl group. Formaldehyde is able to achieve sterilization at lower temperatures, making it a viable alternative to heat sterilization methods. Despite its effectiveness, its carcinogenic nature and irritability to living tissues restrict its use to environments where no contact with the human body is expected, such as in tissue specimen storage or vaccine preparation.
Ethylene Oxide:
Ethylene oxide is a gas that sterilizes by modifying biochemicals within microorganisms, leading to their death. It is commonly used to sterilize heat-sensitive items like surgical instruments and certain foodstuffs, by acting as a fumigant. However, due to its potential health hazards, it is used in controlled conditions and with proper aeration following the sterilization process.
Iodophors:
Iodophors, such as povidone-iodine, are complexes of iodine and a solubilizing agent that allows for a slow release of iodine. They work by oxidizing cellular components and destabilizing macromolecules, thus possessing sterilizing capabilities. Povidone-iodine, often known by its brand name Betadine, is frequently used in medical settings as a skin antiseptic prior to surgeries.