Final answer:
To determine geology within 5 feet of the surface, seismic surveys and gravitational measurements are helpful resources. These allow for the creation of three-dimensional subsurface profiles. Geologic maps also play a crucial role in understanding geological units and where to find fossils.
Step-by-step explanation:
To determine the geology within 5 feet of the surface, a useful resource is geophysical survey techniques like seismic surveys. By sending sound waves into the ground (seismic facies) and analyzing the returning waves, geologists can create a subsurface profile. This seismic data, which reflects changes in rock properties, is instrumental in determining underground geological features and often is collected in grids for three-dimensional imaging. Another technique involves gravitational measurements which can detect variations in local geology influenced by factors such as nearby mountain ranges.
Furthermore, when looking for places with potential for discovering fossils or understanding sedimentary environments, studying stratigraphy is key. It can be done using outcrop observations, collecting sediment cores – like those undertaken by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), and conducting seismic surveys. Additionally, geologic maps can provide a valuable visual representation of different geological units and their ages, which can be particularly helpful when seeking new fossil excavation sites, considering factors such as accessibility and proximity to geological faults.
If a deep understanding of local geology beyond what surface observations offer is necessary, consulting with professional geologists or accessing detailed geophysical survey data is recommended.