Final answer:
Repeating back information, using flashcards, creating test questions, and teaching others are memory-enhancing techniques that utilize recall and recognition to improve long-term memory retention.
Step-by-step explanation:
Repeating back information, using flashcards, creating possible test questions, and teaching someone else are all examples of memory-enhancing strategies aimed at improving retention of material. These techniques can be categorized as either recall or recognition methods. Recall is the process of repeating back information without the use of cues, as one might do when memorizing lines for a play or rehearsing a presentation. Recognition, on the other hand, is identifying previously learned information by encountering it again, a process often used in multiple-choice type examinations.
In the context of studying, flashcards can be a powerful tool. They allow for active recall and can be sorted into categories to understand patterns within the study material. This categorization helps in making connections between different ideas, thus aiding in long-term retention. Teaching material to someone else forces the 'teacher' to clarify and organize thoughts, which is a form of elaborative rehearsal, deepening the understanding and retention of the material.
Teaching, rehearsing, and distributed practice over time are part of an effective study regime, enabling information to transfer from short-term to long-term memory through a web of retrieval cues.