Final answer:
For verbal information, semantic encoding appears to be the most effective form of memory encoding, as it involves deeper processing by forging connections between new information and existing knowledge. The hippocampus and amygdala are crucial for memory formation, with the amygdala modulating memory strength based on emotional responses. Encoding, storage, and retrieval are the three cornerstone functions of memory, according to memory theory.
Step-by-step explanation:
The three ways to encode memories are through semantic encoding, acoustic encoding, and visual encoding. Semantic encoding pertains to the encoding of meaning and is particularly effective for verbal information. It is supported by the work of psychologists Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving, who found that when participants were asked questions that required them to process the meaning of words (semantic processing), they had better recall or recognition afterward. Additionally, when encoding words and their meanings, humans tend to organize this information in a way that connects new concepts with existing ones, showing that semantic encoding makes a strong use of elaborative rehearsal and effortful processing.
On the other hand, visual encoding involves the creation of mental images, which can be especially powerful for high-imagery words that can be easily pictured. Lastly, acoustic encoding deals with the sounds of words, such as their rhyming or sound patterns. However, when it comes to verbal information, semantic encoding tends to be the most effective form of encoding because it involves deeper cognitive processing, which leads to better retention and retrieval of information as shown in numerous studies in psychology.
The hippocampus plays a significant role in the process of encoding new memories. The forming of memories is also influenced by our emotional state at the time of the event; the amygdala determines the strength of memories based on emotional responses. High arousal, associated with strong emotions, often results in more vivid and enduring memories, due to the release of neurotransmitters and hormones. This is seen in the phenomenon known as flashbulb memories, where people can recall detailed memories of significant life events.
Three essential memory functions are encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memories are first encoded, which involves the processing of information and creating a trace in the brain. Following encoding, memories are stored to be accessed at a later time through retrieval. The overall process reflects the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which outlines sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory systems.